I.  Abstract

GeoSciML (Geoscience Markup Language) is a Standard for representing geological features commonly described and portrayed in geological maps, cross sections, geological reports and databases. The Standard is composed of multiple parts. Part 1 describes a logical model, which was originally developed by the IUGS CGI (Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information). Part 2 (this document) describes encoding rules for the exchange of geological map data, geological time scales, boreholes, and metadata for laboratory analyses. The encoding rules define an application of Geography Markup Language (GML), which is itself an application of the Extensible Markup Language (XML).

III.  Preface

The primary goal of this specification is to capture the schema, and encoding syntax of key elements described and portrayed in geological maps and databases, in order to enable information systems to interoperate with such data.

1.  Scope

Part 2 of GeoSciML covers the representation in XML of features from the domain of geology (earth materials, geological units and stratigraphy, geological time, geological structures, geomorphology, geochemistry) and sampling features common to the practice of geoscience, such as boreholes and geological specimens.

2.  Conformance

This standard defines an XML encoding which conforms to OGC GML 3.3 encoding rules, itself, an iteration over ISO 19136 (2007).

Requirements for one standardization target type are considered:

Conformance with this standard shall be checked using all the relevant tests specified in Annex A (normative) of this document. The framework, concepts, and methodology for testing, and the criteria to be achieved to claim conformance are specified in the OGC Compliance Testing Policies and Procedures and the OGC Compliance Testing web sitehttps://docs.ogc.org/is/16-008/16-008.html#_ftnref1[^[1]].

All requirements-classes and conformance-classes described in this document are owned by the standard(s) identified.

3.  Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

Arliss Whiteside, Jim Greenwood: OGC 06-121r9, OGC Web Service Common Implementation Specification. Open Geospatial Consortium (2010). https://docs.ogc.org/is/06-121r9/06-121r9/pdf.

ISO: ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2005). https://www.iso.org/standard/37800.html.

ISO: ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information — Spatial schema. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2003). https://www.iso.org/standard/26012.html.

ISO: ISO 19108:2002/Cor 1:2006, Geographic information — Temporal schema — Technical Corrigendum 1. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2002). https://www.iso.org/standard/44883.html.

ISO: ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva https://www.iso.org/standard/40874.html.

ISO: ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language (GML). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2007). https://www.iso.org/standard/32554.html.

ISO: ISO 19156:2011, Geographic information — Observations and measurements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2011). https://www.iso.org/standard/32574.html.

ISO: ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2007). https://www.iso.org/standard/41126.html.

ISO: ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2003). https://www.iso.org/standard/26020.html.

ISO: ISO 19101:2002, Geographic information — Reference model. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva (2002). https://www.iso.org/standard/26002.html.

Clemens Portele: OGC 07-036, OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Standard. Open Geospatial Consortium (2007). https://docs.ogc.org/is/07-036/07-036/pdf.

Simon Cox: OGC 10-025r1, Observations and Measurements — XML Implementation. Open Geospatial Consortium (2011). https://docs.ogc.org/is/10-025r1/10-025r1/pdf.

Alexandre Robin: OGC 08-094r1, OGC® SWE Common Data Model Encoding Standard. Open Geospatial Consortium (2011). https://docs.ogc.org/is/08-094r1/08-094r1/pdf.

T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter: IETF RFC 3986, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax. RFC Publisher (2005). https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986.

ISO/IEC: ISO/IEC 19757-3, Information technology — Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) — Part 3: Rule-based validation using Schematron. International Organization for Standardization, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva https://www.iso.org/standard/74515.html.

Policy SWG: OGC 08-131r3, The Specification Model — Standard for Modular specifications. Open Geospatial Consortium (2009). https://docs.ogc.org/pol/08-131r3/08-131r3/pdf.

OMG: Unified Modeling Language (UML). Version 2.3

Schadow, G. and McDonald, C. J.: Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) — Version 2.0.1

Murphy, M. A. and Salvador, A.: International Stratigraphic Guide – an abridged version accessed online at URL (http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-stratigraphicguide (1994)

W3C: Extensible Markup Language (XML) — Version 1.0 (Fourth Edition) (2006)

W3C: XML Schema — Version 1.0 (Second Edition) (2004)

INSPIRE Thematic Woring Group Geology: INSPIRE Data Specification for the spatial data theme Geology Version 3.0. European Commission Joint Research Centre (2013)

North American Geologic Map Data Model Steering Committee: NADM Conceptual Model 1.0—A conceptual model for geologic map information. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1334, 58 p., accessed online at URL link:http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1334http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1334] (2004)

North American Geologic Map Data Model science language products _(http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/www-nadm/sltt/products.html)_

4.  Terms and definitions

This document uses the terms defined in OGC Policy Directive 49, which is based on the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. In particular, the word “shall” (not “must”) is the verb form used to indicate a requirement to be strictly followed to conform to this document and OGC documents do not use the equivalent phrases in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

This document also uses terms defined in the OGC Standard for Modular specifications (OGC 08-131r3), also known as the ‘ModSpec’. The definitions of terms such as standard, specification, requirement, and conformance test are provided in the ModSpec.

For the purposes of this document, the following additional terms and definitions apply.

A classifier is an abstract UML metaclass which describes (classifies) a set of instances having common features (not to be confused with the “Feature” stereotype from the OGC Feature Model). A feature declares a structural or behavioral characteristic of instances of classifiers. (http://www.uml-diagrams.org/classifier.html). Classes, Interfaces, Association, and Types are kinds of classifiers.

Feature of a type defined within a particular application domain.

[SOURCE: ISO 19156:2011]

Basic information item of an XML document containing child elements, attributes and character data.

[SOURCE: OGC 07-036]

Abstraction of a real-world phenomenon.

[SOURCE: ISO 19101:2002]

Application schema written in XML Schema in accordance with the rules specified in OGC GML 3.3

[SOURCE: OGC 07-036]

XML document with a root element that is one of the elements AbstractFeature, Dictionary or TopoComplex, specified in the GML schema or any element of a substitution group of any of these elements.

[SOURCE: OGC 07-036]

Schema components in the XML namespace ― as specified in OGC GML 3.3

[SOURCE: OGC 07-036]

Set of operations having the objective of determining the value of a quantity.

[SOURCE: ]

Act of observing a property.

[SOURCE: ]

Method, algorithm or instrument, or system which may be used in making an observation.

[SOURCE: ISO 19156:2011]

Estimate of the value of a property determined through a known procedure.

[SOURCE: ISO 19156:2011]

Facet or attribute of an object referenced by a name.

Example

The real-world domain feature of interest, such as a geological unit or structure which is observed.

[SOURCE: ISO 19156:2011]

Feature, such as a station, outcrop, borehole, section or specimen, which is involved in making observations of a domain feature.

[SOURCE: ISO 19156:2011]

XML document containing a collection of schema component definitions and declarations within the same target namespace.

Example Schema components of W3C XML Schema are types, elements, attributes, groups, etc.

[SOURCE: OGC 07-036]

5.  Conventions

This section provides details and examples for any conventions used in the document. Examples of conventions are symbols, abbreviations, use of XML schema, or special notes regarding how to read the document.

6.  XML Encoding Requirement classes (Normative)

XSD schemas were derived from the UML model following GML 3.3 encoding (OGC ISO19136-2, OGC 10-129r1) that extends and supersedes some of ISO 19136-2007, specifically clauses 11 (CodeType encoding) and 12.3 (Association encoding)

The normative artefacts for XML encoding are the W3C XSD documents and W3C schematron SCH documents provided online with this specification.  Those documents explicitly provide the requirements that must be met by any XML instance claiming compliance to this specification.  Any requirements that cannot be expressed in XSD or SCH are described in the relevant XML encoding section of this document.  Therefore, compliant XML instances shall

<!ENTITY guid “http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616”>
<!ENTITY resource " http://resource.geosciml.org">
<!ENTITY nil “http://www.opengis.net/def/nil/OGC/0/unknown”>
]>

<gsmlb:lithology link:href="http://resource.geosciml.org/ classifier/cgi/lithology/granite" xlink:title="granite"/>

<gml:identifier
    codeSpace="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616/">
       http://data.geoscience.gov.xx/feature/asc/geologicunit/stratno/25947</gml:identifier>

<gsmlb:GeologicUnit gml:id=“G1”>
(…)
<gml:identifier codeSpace="
    http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616/">
       http://data.geoscience.gov.xx/feature/asc/geologicunit/stratno/25947</gml:identifier>
(…)
</gsmlb:GeologicUnit>

---
<om:phenomenonTime>
  <gml:TimeInstant gml:id="ti.1">
         <gml:timePosition>1981-09-12T00:00:00Z</gml:timePosition>
  </gml:TimeInstant>
</om:phenomenonTime>
---

---
<om:phenomenonTime>
  <gml:TimeInstant gml:id="ti.2">
         <gml:timePosition>1981-09-12T00:00:00-03:30</gml:timePosition>
  </gml:TimeInstant>
</om:phenomenonTime>
---

<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?>
<GeologicUnit xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/gsml/4.1/GeoSciML-Basic"
     xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2" gml:id="x1"
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.geosciml.org/GeoSciML-Basic/4.1
     http://schemas.geosciml.org/geosciml/4.1/geoSciMLBasic.xsd">
…
         <gbMaterialDescription></gbMaterialDescription>
      …
</GeologicUnit>

<any processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
      <annotation>
            <documentation>A placeholder allowing any user-defined
                attributes to be delivered in addition to those specified above.</documentation>
      </annotation>
</any>

7.  Media Types for any data encoding(s)

GeoSciML 5.0 data conforming to the logical model defined in Part 1 of GeoSciML can be encoded in GML-conformant XML documents.  The standard MIME-type and sub-type for GML data should be used to indicate the encoding in internet exchange, as specified in MIME Media Types for GML, namely

application/gml+xml

Bibliography

[1]  OGC: OGC Testbed 12 Annex B: Architecture (2015).